![]() The NHANES sample was stratified by gender (male, female) and by age. Children 12–19 y were the primary source of dietary recalls but could be assisted by an adult who had knowledge of their diet. For children 6–11 y, dietary recall was aided by a proxy respondent who was also present. ![]() For children 2–5 y, dietary recall was completed by a parent or guardian who had knowledge of the child's diet. Day 1 interviews were conducted in a mobile examination center by trained dietary interviewers. A second pass was then conducted to record amounts consumed and was followed by a final probe for any frequently forgotten foods. The first recall identified a quick list of foods and beverages consumed, along with time and occasion for each food item. In the NHANES computer-aided 24-h recall, participants were asked to report the types and amounts of all food and beverages consumed during the prior 24-h, from midnight to midnight. Materials and Methodsĭietary intakes data for 15,983 persons (5,919 children 2–19 y and 10,064 adults aged >20 y) came from 1 or 2 days of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2016 NHANES). Insofar as orange juice can replace sugar sweetened beverages, we also expected to see higher-quality diets among consumers of orange juice as opposed to non-consumers. The present hypothesis was that orange juice consumption would be associated with higher flavonoid intakes. Citrus juices are an important source of bioactive flavanols in the US diet ( 9). ![]() One novel feature was the use of the USDA expanded flavonoid database ( 8) in dietary intake assessment. This project used two cycles of NHANES data (2013–2016 NHANES) to explore orange juice consumption by socio-demographics among US children and adults. Whereas the consumption of sugar-sweetened ( 6, 7) and other beverages ( 4) is well-described, fewer analyses have explored orange juice consumption patterns. Orange juice and apple juice are the two principal 100% fruit juices in the US diet ( 5). In past studies, beverage patterns built around milk and 100% juice were associated with higher-quality diets than were beverage patterns built around SSB ( 4). Yet the consumption of 100% fruit juices in the US is relatively low sugar-sweetened beverages are consumed far more often and in greater amounts, especially by older children and young adults ( 4). Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend the consumption of whole fruit as opposed to 100% juice on the grounds that juice “can contribute extra calories when consumed in excess” ( 3). The consumption of 100% fruit juice has been associated with increased risk of childhood obesity ( 1, 2). However, only 15.9% of the NHANES sample consumed any orange juice at all of these 11.8% had <1 serving/day and only 3.4% had 1 serving/day or more. Consumers had significantly higher HEI-2015 and NRF9.3 scores and lower body mass index values (adults). Diets of consumers were higher in vitamin C, potassium, calcium, vitamin D (adults), flavanones, and total flavonoids (children) as compared to non-consumers. Orange juice consumption was associated with higher intakes of bioactive flavonoids, lower added sugars, and higher-quality diets overall. Orange juice consumption accounted for a mean of 14 kcal/d and varied with age, incomes, and race/ethnicity. Diet quality measures were the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) and Nutrient Rich Food (NRF9.3) Index. The What We Eat in America nutrient composition database was merged with the USDA Expanded Flavonoid Database to assess flavonoid intakes. Dietary intakes data for 15,983 persons aged >2 y came from the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013–2016). This study explored consumption patterns of 100% orange juice by socio-demographics among US children and adults.
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